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class="fas fa-inbox fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><a class="post-meta-categories" href="/categories/%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B/">教程</a></span></div><div class="meta-secondline"><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><span class="post-meta-wordcount"><i class="far fa-file-word fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">字数总计:</span><span class="word-count">1.9k</span><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><i class="far fa-clock fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">阅读时长:</span><span>6分钟</span></span><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><span class="post-meta-pv-cv" id="" data-flag-title="Ubuntu 20.04 配置指南"><i class="far fa-eye fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">阅读量:</span><span id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span></span></div></div></div></header><main class="layout" id="content-inner"><div id="post"><article class="post-content" id="article-container"><p>最近遇到的项目需要在Linux环境下进行 <s>（因为WIndows版openpose的Python接口是坏的）</s> ，由于各类Linux发行版不像Windows那样可以开箱即用，因此写下这篇文章记录Ubuntu 20.04下各种软件和环境的配置过程，方便个人查阅。本文将持续更新。</p>
<hr>
<h2 id="System">System</h2>
<h3 id="更换镜像源">更换镜像源</h3>
<p>Linux下的软件通常使用包管理器进行安装，Ubuntu默认的软件镜像源在国外，下载速度经常慢得离谱，因此我们需要更换为国内的镜像源。</p>
<p>我们可以在「设置」-&gt; 「关于」-&gt;「软件和更新」-&gt;「下载自」-&gt;「其他站点」选择一个国内的镜像源，阿里源，淘宝源，清华源都是不错的选择。</p>
<p><img src= "" data-lazy-src="https://s3.ax1x.com/2021/03/06/6nSyGt.md.png" alt="6nSyGt.md.png"></p>
<h3 id="安装显卡驱动（NVIDIA）">安装显卡驱动（NVIDIA）</h3>
<p>本人使用的图形处理器是NVIDIA Geforce RTX 2060，然而我们会发现，在「设置」-&gt; 「关于」中「图形」这一栏显示的不是我们的GPU。这是因为Ubuntu默认使用开源的显卡驱动，而非官方驱动，在性能和功能方面还是有些区别，而且无法部署CUDA环境，因此我们还是需要安装官方驱动 <s>（顺便打打游戏）</s>  。</p>
<p><img src= "" data-lazy-src="https://s3.ax1x.com/2021/03/06/6npiQK.md.png" alt="6npiQK.md.png"></p>
<p>这里提供一种 <strong>较简单</strong> 的安装驱动操作。</p>
<ul>
<li>在刚才的界面打开「软件和更新」，然后选择「附加驱动」，在加载出来的驱动列表中选择合适的驱动，然后点击「应用更改」。</li>
</ul>
<p><img src= "" data-lazy-src="https://s3.ax1x.com/2021/03/06/6n9ovV.md.png" alt="6n9ovV.md.png"></p>
<ul>
<li>安装完成之后，系统会要求重启以加载驱动。</li>
</ul>
<p><img src= "" data-lazy-src="https://s3.ax1x.com/2021/03/06/6nCZ8I.png" alt="6nCZ8I.png"></p>
<ul>
<li>在此之前，会要求你设置密码，记得勾上前面的勾。</li>
</ul>
<p><img src= "" data-lazy-src="https://s3.ax1x.com/2021/03/06/6nCmxP.png" alt="6nCmxP.png"></p>
<ul>
<li>如果你图省事，设为“88888888”即可。</li>
</ul>
<p><img src= "" data-lazy-src="https://s3.ax1x.com/2021/03/06/6nCMqS.md.png" alt="6nCMqS.md.png"></p>
<ul>
<li>重新启动系统，会进入蓝色背景的Perform Mok Management界面，选择「Eroll Mok」。</li>
</ul>
<p><img src= "" data-lazy-src="https://s3.ax1x.com/2021/03/06/6nPuWR.md.jpg" alt="6nPuWR.md.jpg"></p>
<ul>
<li>进入Eroll Mok界面，选择「Continue」。</li>
</ul>
<p><img src= "" data-lazy-src="https://s3.ax1x.com/2021/03/06/6nPnY9.md.jpg" alt="6nPnY9.md.jpg"></p>
<ul>
<li>进入Eroll the Key界面，选择「Yes」。</li>
</ul>
<p><img src= "" data-lazy-src="https://s3.ax1x.com/2021/03/06/6nPmFJ.md.jpg" alt="6nPmFJ.md.jpg"></p>
<ul>
<li>输入安装驱动时设置的密码。</li>
</ul>
<p><img src= "" data-lazy-src="https://s3.ax1x.com/2021/03/06/6nP1OK.md.jpg" alt="6nP1OK.md.jpg"></p>
<ul>
<li>跳回蓝色背景的Perform Mok Management界面，这次选择第一个「Reboot」</li>
</ul>
<p><img src= "" data-lazy-src="https://s3.ax1x.com/2021/03/06/6nPMS1.md.jpg" alt="6nPMS1.md.jpg"></p>
<p>正常情况下重启之后NVIDIA显卡驱动就成功安装并加载了，可以在终端里输入以下指令验证：</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">nvidia-smi</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><img src= "" data-lazy-src="https://s3.ax1x.com/2021/03/06/6nPh60.md.png" alt="6nPh60.md.png"></p>
<p>如果可以成功启动Ubuntu，进入图形界面，输入<code>nvidia-smi</code>却提示错误信息，可能是因为没有Disabale掉Secure Boot，可以在终端输入以下命令：</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">sudo mokutil --disable-validation</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>然后重新启动，在蓝色界面按下任意键，在出现的菜单中，选择第二项改变Secure Boot状态，Disable之，然后boot即可。</p>
<p>如果之后想重新Enable Secure Boot，只需在终端输入：</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">sudo mokutil --enable-validation</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>reboot并重复上述操作，把Secure Boot State改为Enable即可。</p>
<p>回到「设置」-&gt; 「关于」，可以看到，我们的「图形」项已经显示正确了。</p>
<p><img src= "" data-lazy-src="https://s3.ax1x.com/2021/03/06/6nPbtJ.md.png" alt="6nPbtJ.md.png"></p>
<p>附上实时监测CPU/GPU信息的方法：</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>CPU：使用htop工具。</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ sudo apt-get install htop</span><br><span class="line">$ htop</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p>GPU：</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ watch -n 1 nvidia-smi</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="安装与配置Python">安装与配置Python</h3>
<p>Ubuntu自带的是Python 3.x ，但某些情况下我们可能还需要使用Python 2.x ，可自行安装：</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">sudo apt install python</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>但是默认情况下要使用Python 2.x就必须输入<code>python</code>，要使用Python 3.x就必须输入<code>python3</code>，我们可以通过以下方法更换Python默认版本：</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>设置python版本：</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python python /usr/bin/python2 100</span><br><span class="line">sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python python /usr/bin/python3 150</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p>切换python版本：</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">sudo update-alternatives --config python</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p>按照提示输入编号即可。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="安装与配置Git">安装与配置Git</h3>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">apt install git</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>全局初始化用户名和邮箱：</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git config --global user.name <span class="string">&quot;你的用户名&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line">git config --global user.email <span class="string">&quot;你的邮箱&quot;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>用以下命令确认是否输入正确：</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git config --list </span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输入以下命令开始进行Git与Github的绑定操作：</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ssh-keygen -t rsa -C <span class="string">&quot;你的邮箱&quot;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>在网页版Github「Settings」-&gt;「SSH and GPG keys」中New一个SSH key，然后在<code>~\.ssh</code>目录下找到<code>id_rsa.pub</code>，复制里面的文本到刚才New SSH key界面的输入框中，点击「Add SSH key」完成绑定。</p>
<p>在终端中输入以下指令验证是否绑定成功：</p>
  <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ssh -T git@github.com</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>如果返回类似如下信息，即为绑定成功：</p>
 <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Hi vonbrank! You&#39;ve successfully authenticated, but GitHub does not provide shell access.</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="Software">Software</h2>
<h3 id="安装与配置Clash">安装与配置Clash</h3>
<p>clash是在Windows/MacOS/Linux等多平台使用的代理工具，Windows下的clash可以开箱即用，Linux下需要手动配置，流程如下：</p>
<ul>
<li>下载clash-Linux<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://github.com/Dreamacro/clash/releases">安装包</a>：</li>
</ul>
<p><img src= "" data-lazy-src="https://s3.ax1x.com/2021/03/07/6KrJsg.md.png" alt="6KrJsg.md.png"></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>在你喜欢的位置创建一个目录，将安装包放进去，可以修改成一个易于识别的名字，如<code>clash.gz</code>，打开终端输入以下指令解压：</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">gunzip clash.gz</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p>给予文件执行权限：</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">chmod +x clash</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p>启动文件</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">./clash</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p>首次启动时clash会在<code>~/.config/clash</code>下自动生成两个文件：Config.yaml 和Country.mmdb。接着关闭clash，开始配置。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Country.mmdb为全球IP库，可以实现各个国家的IP信息解析和地理定位，没有这个文件clash无法运行。然而自动生成的文件无法支持clash运行，此处直接提供它的<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://wws.lanzous.com/isEePmmiwaj">下载地址</a>。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>编辑Config.yaml文件，其内容为服务器节点等信息，部分服务提供商会提供.yml文件，将其后缀修改为.yaml即可。对于提供订阅链接的服务商，可用以下命令生成Config.yaml文件：</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">wget -O Config.yaml &#123;clash订阅地址&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p>将得到的Config.yaml 和Country.mmdb文件复制到<code>~/.config/clash</code>目录下替换即可。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>再次启动clash:</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">./clash</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p>接着在「设置」-&gt;「网络」-&gt;「网络代理」,选择「手动」<br>
将HTTP代理设为: <code>127.0.0.1:7890</code><br>
将Socks主机设为: <code>127.0.0.1:7891</code></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><img src= "" data-lazy-src="https://s3.ax1x.com/2021/03/07/6KsXB4.md.png" alt="6KsXB4.md.png"></p>
<ul>
<li>打开浏览器，访问 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://clash.razord.top">http://clash.razord.top</a> 进行节点选择等操作。</li>
<li>到此为止clash就配置完成了，你可以通过访问 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.google.com/">https://www.google.com/</a> 来检验是否配置成功</li>
</ul>
<p>然而我们目前只能让clash代理浏览器，终端内的<code>git</code>，<code>curl</code>，<code>wget</code>等指令仍然不走clash代理，因此用Git来push代码或用wget来下载海外服务器上的文件仍然很慢，我们可以用 <strong>proxychains4</strong> 来无脑设置代理。</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>安装proxychains4：</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">sudo apt install proxychains4</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p>配置代理信息：</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">sudo nano /etc/proxychains4.conf</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p>在最后一行加上clash的代理端口：</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">socks5 127.0.0.1 7891</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
</ul>
<p>然后就可以用proxychains4来代理<code>git</code>，<code>curl</code>，<code>wget</code>等指令了，使用时只需要在这些指令前加上<code>proxychains4</code>即可：</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">proxychains4 git <span class="built_in">clone</span> &#123;远程仓库地址&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="安装Typora">安装Typora</h3>
<h3 id="Hexo多终端工作">Hexo多终端工作</h3>
<hr>
<h2 id="Tips">Tips</h2>
<h3 id="由Linux直接进入bios">由Linux直接进入bios</h3>
<p>很多时候我们希望重启之后直接进入bios，而不是疯狂按快捷键，可执行以下指令：</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">sudo systemctl reboot --firmware-setup</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2>
<h3 id="Windows、Ubuntu-双系统时间不统一（引用）">Windows、Ubuntu 双系统时间不统一（引用）</h3>
<p>由于Windows 与类 Unix 系统(Unix/Linux/Mac)看待系统硬件时间的方式是不一样的：</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Windows 把计算机硬件时间当作本地时间(local time)，所以在 Windows 系统中显示的时间跟 BIOS 中显示的时间是一样的。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>类 Unix 系统把计算机硬件时间当作 UTC， 所以系统启动后会在该时间的基础上，加上电脑设置的时区数(比中国就加8)，因此 Ubuntu 中显示的时间总是比 Windows 中显示的时间快 8 小时。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>当你在 Ubuntu 中把系统显示的时间设置正确后，计算机硬件时间就变成了在这个时间上减去 8 小时，所以当你切换成 Windows 系统后慢了8小时。</p>
<p><strong>解决方案</strong> ：在 Ubuntu 中把计算机硬件的时间改成系统显示时间，即禁用 Ubuntu 中的 UTC。在终端输入以下命令：</p>
 <figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">timedatectl set-local-rtc 1 --adjust-system-clock</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="请参阅">请参阅</h2>
<ul>
<li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://juejin.cn/post/6844904149822210056#heading-0">https://juejin.cn/post/6844904149822210056#heading-0</a></li>
<li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://blog.csdn.net/sinat_37781304/article/details/82729029#t27">https://blog.csdn.net/sinat_37781304/article/details/82729029#t27</a></li>
<li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/sueyyyy/p/12424178.html">https://www.cnblogs.com/sueyyyy/p/12424178.html</a></li>
</ul>
</article><div class="post-copyright"><div class="post-copyright__author"><span class="post-copyright-meta">文章作者: </span><span class="post-copyright-info"><a href="mailto:undefined">Von Brank</a></span></div><div class="post-copyright__type"><span class="post-copyright-meta">文章链接: </span><span class="post-copyright-info"><a href="https://vonbrank.github.io/archives/ubuntu-20-04-config/">https://vonbrank.github.io/archives/ubuntu-20-04-config/</a></span></div><div class="post-copyright__notice"><span class="post-copyright-meta">版权声明: </span><span class="post-copyright-info">本博客所有文章除特别声明外，均采用 <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC-SA 4.0</a> 许可协议。转载请注明来自 <a href="https://vonbrank.github.io" target="_blank">Von Brank</a>！</span></div></div><div class="tag_share"><div class="post-meta__tag-list"><a class="post-meta__tags" href="/tags/%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B/">教程</a><a class="post-meta__tags" href="/tags/Linux/">Linux</a></div><div 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class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%94%B1Linux%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E8%BF%9B%E5%85%A5bios"><span class="toc-text">由Linux直接进入bios</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#Issues"><span class="toc-text">Issues</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Windows%E3%80%81Ubuntu-%E5%8F%8C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E4%B8%8D%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%88%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%EF%BC%89"><span class="toc-text">Windows、Ubuntu 双系统时间不统一（引用）</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%AF%B7%E5%8F%82%E9%98%85"><span class="toc-text">请参阅</span></a></li></ol></div></div><div class="card-widget card-recent-post"><div class="item-headline"><i class="fas fa-history"></i><span>最新文章</span></div><div class="aside-list"><div class="aside-list-item"><a class="thumbnail" href="/archives/hit-software-construction-lab1-config/" 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